jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

10

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

8

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

6

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

2

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

3

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

4

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

3

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

4

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

1

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

3

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

5

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

3

to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed

1

to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

4

to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine

2

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

3

be; is

1

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

3

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

1

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

1

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

I; me

4

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

1

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

2

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

2

to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage

1

to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)

1

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

1

so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already

3

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

4

is not; am not; are not; isn't it?

1

indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!

1

to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)

2

indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that

1

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

1

no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all

1

although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish

3

talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor

1

adds force or indicates command

2

that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?

1

place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point

1

after all; because; but; even; too; as well

1

this sort of; this kind of; like this; such

1

to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch

1

to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold

2