if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
century; hundred years; (fig.) a long time
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
both (hands, parents, sides, etc.); counter for carriages (e.g. in a train); counter for vehicles; ryō; tael; ryō; pre-Meiji unit of currency, orig. the value of one ryō of gold
camp (supporters of a doctrine, party, etc.); faction (of a party); military camp; encampment; cantonment
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
exhaustion; fatigue; impoverishment; (financial) exhaustion; ruin
height; acme; extremity; end; limit
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
great war; great battle; world war
closing years (period, days); last stage; end stage; terminal (e.g. cancer, disease, etc.); final
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
to inform; to notify; to know; to reign
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
participation; joining; entry; adherence
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
escape; flight; breakout; fleeing; desertion
wandering (e.g. bird, exile, lifestyle); wandering alone in a strange country
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
udo (plant related to ginseng, used in medicine and cooking) (Aralia cordata)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to drift (to); to be washed ashore
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
vice; immorality; corruption