indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
evacuation; withdrawal; revocation; repeal; retreat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
adds force or indicates command
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
contrivance; managing (to raise money); one's financial condition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
armory; armoury; ordnance department
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen