time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Common Era; CE; Christian Era; Western (Gregorian) calendar
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryō system)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
nth year in the Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
first year (of an imperial era); year something (important) first happened or began
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
people; men and women; each person; everybody
ominous; sinister; unlucky; inauspicious
star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk; star (actor, player, etc.); dot; spot
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
suspicious; dubious; doubtful; unsure; untrustworthy; unreliable; strange
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence; power
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
sign; indication; omen; symptom
reality; actuality; hard fact
whole nation; whole land; whole country
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
to collect (debts); to dun; to appoint; to promote; to emphasize; to focus on
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to thrust down; to push off
famine; crop failure; chronic shortage (e.g. of water)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
epidemic; plague; pestilence
everywhere; all over; throughout
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
to follow in succession; to happen one after another
napkin; cloth; first string of a koto (counting from the player's near side)