indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
prime minister (in ancient China)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)