indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
strategist; tactician; schemer
prime minister (in ancient China)
obligation; favour; favor; debt of gratitude
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
adds force or indicates command
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to say; to be called; to do
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
Wu; region in China, south of the lower Yangtze; Wu; Southern Wu; Wu; Eastern Wu
ambush; troops in ambush; unexpected opposition; unexpected obstacle
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to