indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
illness; disease; bad habit; weakness; fault
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
navy (esp. the Japanese navy prior to the 1850s)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
morale (of troops, team, etc.); esprit de corps
Wu; region in China, south of the lower Yangtze; Wu; Southern Wu; Wu; Eastern Wu
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me