indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
capitulation; surrender; submission; yield
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
adds force or indicates command
Wu; region in China, south of the lower Yangtze; Wu; Southern Wu; Wu; Eastern Wu
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to be called; to do
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
prime minister (in ancient China)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
to kill (a human) using a blade (sword, machete, knife, etc.); to slice (off); to lop (off); to cut (off)
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
honorific/polite/humble prefix
last resort; desperate measure taken under pressure of necessity
navy (esp. the Japanese navy prior to the 1850s)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat