indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
capitulation; surrender; submission; yield
Wu; region in China, south of the lower Yangtze; Wu; Southern Wu; Wu; Eastern Wu
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
navy (esp. the Japanese navy prior to the 1850s)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; the present time; just now; another; more
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
1,000,000; one million; million; many
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)