indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
thorny shrub; wild rose; briar; thorn; cusp
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
plan; policy; means; fifth principle of the Eight Principles of Yong; right upward flick
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
100,000; hundred thousand
doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
strategist; tactician; schemer
loyalty; devotion; fidelity; inspector of the Imperial Prosecuting and Investigating Office (ritsuryo system)
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...