indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Chen (ancient Chinese state, approx. 1045-479 BCE); Ch'en; Chen dynasty (China, 557-589 BCE); Ch'en dynasty
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
China (sometimes also used in ref. to Korea or other foreign countries)
Siam (former name of Thailand)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to say; to be called; to do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
messenger; envoy; emissary
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various