indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Tao Qian (2nd century CE Chinese commander and politician)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
viceroy; governor-general
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
older brother; elder brother
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
1,000,000; one million; million; many
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to be called; to do
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)