indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
hero; heroine; Eroica Symphony (Beethoven, 1804); Heroic Polonaise (Chopin)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
descendant (usu. of a certain generation); (arch.) lineage; (arch.) pedigree; (arch.) grandchild
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
emperor (of Japan); mikado
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
troubled times; turbulent times
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix