indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
descendant (usu. of a certain generation); (arch.) lineage; (arch.) pedigree; (arch.) grandchild
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
white horse; unrefined sake
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
morality; righteousness; meaning; teachings; doctrine; nonconsanguineous relationship (i.e. of in-laws)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you