indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Cao Cao (155-220), famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi; the main villain of novel the Romance of Three Kingdoms
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
cheap; rash; thoughtless; careless
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pursuit (of a fleeing enemy); chase
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
inhabitant; resident; citizen; population
general; admiral; head; chief; old chap; mate
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
please (give me); please (do for me)