indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
other; another; over; more than; I; me
(field) marshal; (fleet) admiral; general of the army
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
your Excellency; his Excellency; her Excellency
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
military affairs; military service
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Reinhard; Reinhardt; Reinhart
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
vice-minister; undersecretary
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
to say; to tell; to state; to do
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage