indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
completely; absolutely; (not) at all; (not) a bit; earnestly; intently
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fit into (a box, frame, category, etc.); to be contained within; to settle down (into); to be installed (in one's rightful place); to settle into (one's position); to take up (a post)
indication; sign; hint; tone (of the market)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't you think?; indicates question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
already; now; no longer; not any more
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
leaving a decision to someone else (often of a meal to be selected by the chef); omakase
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
vigilance; caution; alertness; precaution; being on guard
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
without; unacceptable; not alright; unsatisfactory
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
security police; special police; special; TV special; standard-playing (record); SP; shore patrol
absorption; suction; attraction
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
glass (drinking vessel); glass (material); glasses (eyewear)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to falter; to flinch (from); to recoil (from); to quail (at)