indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
came; went; were (somewhere); was (somewhere); were (doing); was (doing)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
translation; deciphering; decoding; translation
to change; to alter; to reform; to correct; to examine; to check
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey!; wait a minute!; whoa!; boohoo; waaaa
false name; alias; assumed name; pseudonym
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
to pass; to pass on; to give (something) a miss; to cut it out; to knock off (for the day); to let the matter drop
had better ...; had better not ...
adds force or indicates command