indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
adds force or indicates command
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof