indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
cyborg; cybernetic organism
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
space; air; midair; (from) memory; (by) heart
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
bell-shaped bronze vessel of Yayoi period
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
now; the present time; just now; another; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
sovereign; emperor; monarch
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
haniwa; hollow unglazed terracotta figure from the Kofun period
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
in this way; thus; such; uh...
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way