indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
space; air; midair; (from) memory; (by) heart
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
small child; pipsqueak; short person; midget; small animal; runt
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
young commander; young leader; young master
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
bell-shaped bronze vessel of Yayoi period
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
haniwa; hollow unglazed terracotta figure from the Kofun period
witchcraft user; magician
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
Minister of War (Zhou-dynasty China)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use