indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Japanese spindle tree (Euonymus sieboldianus)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
suffix for familiar person
space; air; midair; (from) memory; (by) heart
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
witchcraft user; magician
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
haniwa; hollow unglazed terracotta figure from the Kofun period
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she