indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
bye-bye; good-bye; see you; saying goodbye; parting
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)