indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
tearing; ripping; crunching; munching; stiff; starchy; (working) hard
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
sprinkling (of rain, salt, etc.); pattering; flipping (through a book, etc.); riffling; sparse; scattered
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")