indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sumo wrestling; wrestler; rikishi
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
combat; battle; action; active service; actual fighting
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
(wrestling) ring; forum (e.g. for discussion); sandbag; gabion
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
martial arts; military arts; wushu; modern sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument