indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
set of three; three sets; three classes
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come