indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
roll (e.g. of cloth); winding (e.g. watch); volume (of book); speeding up; heel (of a Japanese sandal)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
please (give me); please (do for me)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast