indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
pig (Sus scrofa domesticus); pork; fatso; fatty
wheat; barley; oat (oats)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...