indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
core; core; hardcore; all-out
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
gate (for entry, boarding, etc.); gate; logic element
ship's captain; skipper; length of a ship; boatman
triangle; triangular shape
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement