head of the student council; president of the student council
genius; prodigy; natural gift
rural local self-government (Muromachi period)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
by means of; due to; because of; according to
alliance; aimag; league; administrative subdivision in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia
educational institution; school; academy; campus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
(the) executive; administration; leadership
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take over; to hand over
now; the present time; just now; another; more
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
accounting; finance; bill (at a restaurant); check; accountant; treasurer
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah