indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to sing; to sing (one's praises in a poem, etc.); to compose a poem; to recite a poem
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fight; fighting spirit; fight!; do your best
to sing; to chirp; to twitter
young child; toddler; child over 1 but not yet of school age
honorific/polite/humble prefix
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
remainder; remnant; not very; not much; too much; excessively
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
preferential treatment; special treatment; discrimination; express delivery; special delivery
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness