indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
living thing; organism; creature; biology
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
primary school; elementary school; grade school
collapse; break; cave-in; crash; (market) decline
prefectural border; prefectural boundary
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise