indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
crocodile; alligator; (arch.) shark
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
clone; kroon (former currency of Estonia)
operating room; operating theatre
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
now; the present time; just now; another; more