indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
red earth (i.e. containing cinnabar or minium); vermilion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
head (chief, director) of a section or department; head of a (school) club; head of a (school) team
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation