indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
red earth (i.e. containing cinnabar or minium); vermilion
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to obey respectfully; to humble oneself; to sit straight (upright, respectfully, attentively)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
lapis lazuli; lapis lazuli (color); beryl; mall blue passerine bird (esp. the blue-and-white flycatcher and the Siberian blue robin, but also the red-flanked bluetail); glass
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all