ignorance; innocence; stupidity
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
pure; innocent; pure; unmixed; long kimono made from the same plain-coloured cloth
it is assuredly (that)...; can say with confidence that it is...
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hit; to expose; to apply (e.g. patch); to put on; to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); to guess (an answer)
(a) step; one step; level; stage; small degree; small amount
to come down; to go down; to hang; to dangle; to move back; to step back; to deteriorate
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
stillness; quiet; peacefulness
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.); to look down into (a ravine, etc.); to peek into (a shop, bookstore, etc.); to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at; to peep (through a telescope, microscope, etc.); to stick out (a scarf from a collar, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
elementary; basic; rudimentary