first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to fall apart; to collapse; to be completely defeated (in battle); to be wiped out; (arch.) to fall apart (one's body or health)
as (e.g. "do as one is told", "as we age we gain wisdom"); wherever (e.g. "wherever my fancy took me")
to behave violently; to commit violence; to use force
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
reward; recompense; return; punishment; retribution
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
silence; stillness; quietness
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
order; discipline; regularity; system; method
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hopeless; futile; no use; beyond help; cannot be done
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
attitude; posture; preparedness; readiness
to put back up; to stand back up; to restore (to former strength); to revive (e.g. the economy); to make again (a plan, policy, etc.); to reformulate
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to render futile; to bring to naught; to waste; to not make good use of
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
while; during; while; although; all; both