indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
hometown; birthplace; native place; (arch.) ruins; (arch.) historic remains
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
transfer (trains, buses, etc.); change; switch (to another ideology, party, system, method, etc.); change; switching (stock); chromosomal crossover
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
destination (one is heading towards); goal
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)
leaving (on, open, unfinished, etc.); (doing) continuously; constantly; keep ...-ing
to get tired; to tire; to become worn out (of a well-used object); (arch.) to starve
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
airfield; airport; aerodrome
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
right; right-hand side; right hand; the above (in a piece of vertical writing); above-mentioned; the right (wing)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
occasionally; once in a while; now and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at leisure; in a relaxed manner; in a carefree manner; to relax; to take it easy; to chill
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth