indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
adds force or indicates command
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
group with a common interest (e.g. students); club (e.g. company sports club); circle; circle (shape)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already