at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
erotic; sexy; arousing; risque; sultry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
in that manner; like that
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
addressing (someone) without using a suffix such as "-san" or "-chan" (considered impolite)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
change of heart; change of mind; change in mental state
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest