indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to carry (something) away; to bear
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
correspondence (to); equivalence; suitability; coordination; dealing with; coping with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to forgive and forget; to let bygones be bygones; to sweep under the carpet; to wipe the slate clean
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
organization; organisation; structure; construction; system (e.g. railroad, transport, party, etc.); tissue; texture (of a rock)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
bang; bam; noontime signal gun (carried out early Meiji to Taishō); noon gun; last round in a game of 12 rounds; precisely
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
quickly; calmly; intently
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
Rio; Rio de Janeiro (abbr)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
careful; cautious; prudent; discreet; deliberate
to advance; to move forward; to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to raise; to elevate
had better ...; had better not ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to feel nervous; to feel afraid; to be startled; to be surprised; (arch.) to be shy; (arch.) to be bashful
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
uncle (older than one's parent)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to control; to take the lead in; to have under one's thumb
humour; humor; safety; health; in a good mood; in high spirits