that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
group; party; team; organization; organisation; association
split; division; break up
belonging to (a group, organization, etc.); affiliation (with); being attached to; being under the control of
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
hiring from another company; recruitment; quick costume change in kabuki (taking off outer costume); drawing (wire, pipes, metal plate)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
raising an army; launching business
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
extinction; extinguishment; disappearance; annihilation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as a matter of fact; to tell the truth
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
society; public; community; social studies
reduced drawing; miniature copy; microcosm; microcosmos
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
business world; business circles; (the) industry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity; hogging; keeping to oneself
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
order; system; structure; set-up; organization; organisation
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
liberalization; liberalisation; freeing
deregulation; removal (easing) of (official) restrictions; relaxation of regulations
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
magnification; enlargement; expansion; amplification
woman; female; feminine gender
making rapid progress; making great advances; rush; dash; onslaught
to contain; to comprise; to hold in the mouth; to bear in mind; to understand; to express (emotion, etc.)
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of