if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
running alone; running solo; having a large lead (over the others); being far ahead (of everyone else); having one's own way; ignoring others' opinions and acting as one wishes
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to watch over; to watch attentively
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
people; men and women; each person; everybody
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
of course; certainly; naturally
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
energy; vigour; vigor; liveliness; spirit; life
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
even; even if; even though; because of; on the grounds that
reckless; (at) random; haphazard; blind; sudden; abrupt
war; fighting; fierce competition
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)