Japanese pronunciation of a kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
federal government (e.g. USA, Australia, Mexico, Germany, Canada)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
local authority; local government; locality; local self-governing body; municipality
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hailing each other; acting in concert; responding (to); agreement; concord
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
start; commencement; beginning; initiation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to miss; to overlook; to let pass (a matter); to overlook (e.g. a wrongdoing); to pass up (e.g. an opportunity); to let (a good ball) go by
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be interested in; to take an interest in; to care about
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
clear; clearing (a bar, hurdle, etc.); overcoming; getting through; clearing (the ball); clearing (e.g. a checked box)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
ongoing; in progress; afoot
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation