some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
high (e.g. spirits); merry; high; high (i.e. feeling of extreme pleasure)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thump-thump; bang-bang; pit-a-pat; to beat fast (of one's heart); to throb; to pound
kendama; Japanese bilboquet (cup-and-ball game)
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
step (of a staircase, etc.); running board (of a bus, train); step (movement); pace; (dance) step; step (in a process)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
(sudden) change; reversal; turn-around; coming from behind (baseball)
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
vulgar; indecent; coarse; crude
people; (all) persons; you (usu. plural); various
punishment; spanking; smacking; chastisement; scolding
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
suffix for familiar person
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to catch fire; to provoke; to catch fire from; to be ignited
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
please; somehow or other; one way or another
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
please (give me); please (do for me)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?