indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
change; variation; variety; diversity; inflection; declension
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
J; j; Japan; joule; jack (playing card); tatami mat (as a measure of room size, either 1.82 sqm or 1.54 sqm); Japan Professional Football League
sprouting; budding; crush (esp. on an imaginary character in manga, etc.); fascination; infatuation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
high (e.g. spirits); merry; high; high (i.e. feeling of extreme pleasure)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
honorific/polite/humble prefix