indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
to stand in the way (esp. with legs spread out); to block the way; to stand in the way (e.g. of progress); to obstruct
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
the first star to appear in the evening
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good thing; strong point; good family; prestigious school; the right moment; utter
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
suffix appended to somebody else's family members
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
one's common name; one's popular name; alias; house name
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
contrived; false-sounding
it doesn't matter what; anything is fine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
precise; exact; detailed; accurate; minute; close
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!