indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
year in, year out; always; 24-7
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
when it becomes; when it comes to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
middle of the night; dead of night
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
stairs; stairway; staircase
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bothersome; tiresome; bother to do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
suffix for familiar person
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot; considerate; kind; genial
good feeling; feeling good
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk