indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wisdom; enlightenment; prajñā (one of the three divisions of the noble eightfold path); wisdom
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
people; citizens; subjects; folk
temporary; provisional; fictitious; assumed (name); hypothetical; theoretical
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Minister of State (Zhou-dynasty China)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality