indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
skilfulness; skillfulness; cleverness
mountain; hill; mine; (mountain) forest; heap; pile; protruding or high part of an object
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
citizen; resident; person; user (of a website, esp. as a collective, e.g. Twittersphere)
not exceeding ...; not more than ...; below (a standard, level, etc.); under; the following; the below-mentioned
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
treatment; reception; service; working conditions; salary; pay
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
rare; uncommon; new; novel; fine; nice
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
ceramics; pottery and porcelain
medicine; medical art; medical skills
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
beginning; outset; first; onset
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be erected; to be built
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?